Large numbers of permanent employees make it difficult for organizations to respond quickly to downturns in demand by decreasing payroll costs.

大量的固定雇员使得企业很难通过降低工资成本来迅速应对需求下降。

Data show that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead.

数据显示，经济低迷往往会推迟婚姻，因为双方负担不起组建家庭的费用，或者担心未来会有不测。

The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries.

“人与机器竞争”这一概念至少与工业革命一样古老了，但在经济衰退期和脆弱的复苏期中，这种现象往往最为明显。

Both rose markedly after downturns in 1974, 1980 and 1990.

在1974年，1980年和1990年的低迷之后都有显著的上升。

Some do not even realise that cyclical downturns are normal.

有些人甚至不明白周期性衰退是正常的。

In previous downturns, Asians were forced to take nasty medicine.

在以往的衰退中，亚洲人被迫吞下苦果。

But South Africa has weathered downturns and currency knocks before.

但是南非以前经受住了经济衰退和货币贬值的打击。

Before the 1930s all economic downturns were commonly called depressions.

上世纪30年代以前，所有的经济低迷都称作萧条。

Entrepreneurial firms will displace market leaders, as they have in past downturns.

由于在过去的表现欠佳，创业型企业将会更换他们的市场部门领导。

In previous downturns, businesses have cut back on overseas assignments to reduce costs.

在以往的经济低迷期，为了降低成本，企业会减少外派员工。

Such changes tend to occur in downturns, but this time they may be especially pronounced.

这样的改变往往会发生在低潮时期，但这一次可能会格外明显。

Wall Street firms, which often retrench in downturns, have been nudged down the rankings.

往往在衰退时紧缩业务的华尔街公司已经处于排名的末尾。

In previous downturns, real rates turned negative only at or after the end of the recession.

在之前的低迷时期，实际利率只有在衰退结束时或者衰退结束之后才为负数。

In each of the downturns in 1975, 1982 and 1991, growth in world GDP per head turned negative.

在每次经济下降的年份例如1975年，1982年和1991年，世界人均GDP都出现了负增长。

Historically, however, downturns have prompted Americans to shun foreigners, not welcome them.

但是从历史角度来说，经济低迷期会促使美国人对外国人并非欢迎而是关上大门。

Downturns have opposing effects: they make workers angry but also reduce their bargaining power.

这种下滑趋势起到了反面作用：它惹怒了工人也削弱了工人讨价还价的能力。

Asia's recoveries from previous downturns have been led by a rebound in exports to the rich world.

亚洲以往衰退后的复苏得益于与世界上的富有国家进行出口贸易。

All recessions have cultural and social effects, but in major downturns the changes can be profound.

所有的衰退都会对文化和社会产生影响，在较大的衰退中，影响就更为深远。

Until the Lehman failure the recession was pretty typical of the modest downturns of the post-war period.

直到雷曼倒塌，这次衰退都还一直是二战后相当典型的温和衰退。

Structural changes in Europe’s labour markets suggest that jobs will go faster than in previous downturns.

欧洲劳动力市场的结构变化意味着失业速度快于以往经济下滑时期。