How is the long-run average cost curve (LRAC) derived?

长期平均成本曲线是怎么样得到的？

In general, what is the shape of the average-total-cost curve?

一般来说，平均总成本曲线是什么形状？

First and foremost, neither bends the health-cost curve downward.

首先，没有任何一条医疗支出曲线有下降的趋势。

In the graph above, the cost curve would be flipped and aligned with the value curve.

在上图中，成本曲线就会与价值曲线趋于一致。

Iron ore prices are trading above the seaborne plus China cost curve due to tight supplies.

铁矿石价格加上中国的海运成本曲线由于供应紧张，上述交易。

Adopting an economic approach, the report develops what it calls a water availability cost curve.

采用一个经济方法，该报告开发了一个叫做水资源利用量的成本曲线。

How and why does a firm's average-total-cost curve differ in the short run and in the long run?

为何一个企业的短期平均总成本和长期平均总成本不一致？

Outside China, at any rate, a producer smelts or sinks according to its position on aluminium’s cost curve.

无论如何，中国境外的生产者需要根据铝成本曲线的位置点来选择熔炼或者放弃。

Outside China, at any rate, a producer smelts or sinks according to its position on aluminium's cost curve.

无论如何，中国境外的生产者需要根据铝成本曲线的位置点来选择熔炼或者放弃。

This means that MC' is no longer the relevant marginal cost curve of firm 1 or the relevant supply curve of firm 1.

这意味着MC’不再是厂商1的确当的边际成本曲线或供给曲线。

The portion of the marginal-cost curve that lies above average variable cost is the competitive firm's short-run supply curve.

竞争企业的短期供给曲线是边际成本曲线在平均可变成本曲线以上的那一部分。

If the number of firms increases, each firm will sell less, so firms will not be able to move as far down their average cost curve.

向上倾斜的CC曲线表示厂商数量越多，平均成本越多，各厂商销量越低。交点处为行业的均衡厂商数。

"In considering the downside for metals, we generally assume that the global industry production cost curve would set a pricing floor," Sprinzen wrote.

考虑到金属的下行，我们普遍假设全球工业生产成本曲线将会设定一个地板价。

It is possible, however, that the industry faces a sharply rising average-cost curve, so that the costs of the efficient firms are lower than the market price.

也许这一行业里平均成本随一所学校的规模增加而剧增，所以成本最低的学校能将成本保持在市场价格以下。

However, since this is just a shift of the cost curve, costs will continue to rise because the main issue still exists (ie. rising wages, rising cost of materials).

然而，由于这只是成本曲线，由于大问题依然存在(比如，薪酬增长，原料成本增加等等)，成本依然继续增加。

The difference of incentive intensity is affected by the factor of technology spillover, the marginal cost curve of enterprises' environmental management and the slope of marginal revenue curve.

激励强度差异受到技术外溢系数、企业环境管理边际成本曲线和边际收益曲线斜率的影响。

Figure 5.11 illustrates the same point for the case in which external economies affecting marginal cost curves are sufficiently important to yield a negatively sloping supply curve to the industry.

影响边际成本曲线的外部经济，对于得出一条负斜率的行业供给曲线是非常重要的——图5.11即以这种情况说明上面相同的观点。

He reduces the cost of ownership by publishing papers, FAQs, and journal articles to reduce the client's learning curve.

他通过发表论文、FAQ，和期刊文章来减少客户的学习曲线，从而减少所有权的成本。

What is striking about the global cost-abatement curve is what a bargain it seems to be to lower emissions by protecting rainforests.

这个全球减排成本曲线突出的地方在于，它显示了通过保护热带雨林来减少温室气体排放可获得的回报。

The increase in demand moves output out along the supply curve, increasing cost and therefore price.

需求的增长使得产量随着供给曲线不断提高，由此带来的成本上升最终引起了价格的上涨。

Additional cost (some are quite pricy) including licensing, learning curve, etc.

附加的费用(有些相当昂贵)，包括许可证，学习，培训等等。

The second cost-related concept is the experience curve.

另一个与成本有关的概念是经验曲线。

The design of the trellises also experimented on a double curved version of "flat curve" -a form often seen in traditional Chinese architecture - with a low-tech and low-cost method.

这个木棚架的设计也尝试在双弯曲的“平缓曲线”的一种形式，这在中国传统建筑—常常看到一个低技术和低成本的一个手段。

When the generation cost function is quadratic curve, the new bargaining is compared with the former one.

比较了发电费用曲线为二次曲线时新的定价方式与已有定价方式的关系。

Curve of excess supply and international equilibrium price in Ricardian comparative cost theory are teaching content, important and difficult.

李嘉图比较成本理论中的过剩供给曲线和国际均衡价格是该理论的教学重点和难点内容。

Use cases to proof that the cost accumulative curve technique and network optimize technique can be applied to manufacture phase of air-preheater to control the cost.

以案例证明了在预热器制造环节中是可以应用成本累计曲线法和项目网络优化技术来控制产品制造成本的。

The probability distribution and risk curve of schedule and cost are obtained by statistic analysis, providing a basis for risk evaluation of engineering projects.

通过统计分析得到进度和费用的模拟概率分布，进而得到进度和费用风险曲线，为评价工程项目的风险提供了依据。

Thus using marginal cost theory to explain labor for supply curve is reasonable.

边际成本理论能合理解释劳动力供给曲线。