Silent genes accumulate random mutations, they reasoned, eventually rendering them useless.

他们推断，沉默基因积累随机突变，最终使它们变得无用。

For example, in the fruit fly, researchers have identified the gene Shaker, mutations in which cause flies to shake violently under anesthesia.

例如，在果蝇身上，研究人员发现了基因震荡器，这种突变导致果蝇在麻醉下剧烈摇晃。

Founder mutations are a class of disease-causing genetic mutations, each derived from its own ancestral "founder" in whom the mutation originated.

创始者突变是一类引起疾病的基因突变，每一种都源自其自身祖先的“创始者”。

Mutations are the ultimate cause of all the genetic differences, including the differences between a human and a banana, between a starfish and a toadstool.

突变是所有基因差异的最终原因,包括人类和香蕉，海星和伞菌之间差异。

This apparent anomaly is partially explained by the fact that most founder mutations are recessive: only a person with copies of the affected gene from both parents becomes ill.

大多数明显的创始人突变都是隐性的，可以解释这种明显的异常现象：只有双亲都拥有受影响基因副本的人才会生病。

Heritable mutations of ALAS2 gene are responsible for the human X-linked sideroblastic anemia.

ALAS2基因的可遗传突变是人类X连锁铁粒幼细胞性贫血的原因。

Those mutations happen all the time.

这样的突变时刻都在发生。

However, most mutations are deleterious.

然而，大多数突变是有害的。

Mutations are the driving force of evolution.

研究组领头人内村有国说：“突变是进化的推动力。

They look at mutations as kind of a random event.

他们认为突变是一种随机的事件。

The mutations appear to occur sporadically and spontaneously.

变异似是偶发和自发的。

But now in some cases we choose to keep these bad mutations around.

但是如今我们选择保留那些有害突变。

But white tigers are rare genetic mutations, not a different species.

但白虎仅仅是一种罕见的遗传变异，而不是一个不同的品种。

Those mutations had little effect on how the receptor grabbed hormones.

这些突变对受体如何结合激素没有影响。

The next pandemic will occur through adaptive mutations [in the virus].

陈冯富珍说：“下一场大流行将通过[病毒的]适应性突变而发生。

Virus from one of the patients shows mutations at the receptor-binding site.

来自患者之一的病毒显示在受体结合部位突变。

They discovered five additional mutations that were crucial to the transition.

他们发现，另外的五个突变对这种逆转过程是非常关键的。

There they were: signal noise, mutations, executive function, self-organization.

看看这些术语：信号噪声、突变、执行功能、自我组织。

That's because they aren't under selection, so they tend to accumulate mutations.

那是由于他们没有进行选择，因此他们易于积累突变。

Had a few, fateful mutations changed an innocuous chimp virus into a human killer?

是一些决定性的突变让这种良性的猩猩病毒变身为人类杀手的吗？

But the prevailing view has long been that cancer is the result of genetic mutations.

但是盛行的观点一直认为癌症是基因突变的结果。

Viruses can also cause genetic mutations when they integrate themselves into human DNA.

病毒整合进人类DNA时也会导致基因突变。

Scientists are now attacking specific mutations that drive specific forms of cancer.

科学家正在奋力处理引起特定种类的癌症的特殊变异。

Many mutations do not alter any important features of the virus or the illness it causes.

许多变异对病毒本身或病毒所造成的疾病的任何重要特征不会带来影响。

Variations of viruses are also similar to mutations, another factor in genetic algorithms.

病毒发生的变化类似突变，又一个遗传算法的特征。

Subsequent genome analysis revealed numerous mutations in the DNA of the adapted bacteria.

随后的染色体组分析显示，被改造细菌的DNA中存在大量的变异。

Two of the mutations involved are also known to cause a rare disease called mucolipidosis.

涉及到的两种基因突变也能引起一种罕见的疾病——粘脂糖症。

However, these minor "mutations" cannot change what the virus does, only what it looks like.

尽管如此，这些小型的“突变”并不能改变病毒的行为，而仅仅是它的外表。

Scientists have found that each human being has around 60 different mutations in their genes.

科学家们发现，每个人体当中大概存在着有60组变异的基因。