Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a "third component".

表观遗传过程是一种化学反应，与天生和后天培养都没有关系，但它代表了研究人员所说的“第三种成分”。

Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells, for example.

其他的表观遗传过程似乎是随机发生的，而其他过程则是正常的，比如那些引导胚胎细胞成为心脏、大脑或肝细胞的过程。

Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up.

例如，对动物的研究表明，老鼠在怀孕期间经历压力会导致胎儿表观遗传发生变化，进而导致啮齿动物在成长过程中出现行为问题。

When animals are cloned, epigenetic changes can occur.

克隆动物后，表观遗传的变化就会发生。

And drinking and smoking can have epigenetic effects in offspring.

吸烟酗酒也会对子女产生外遗传影响。

Unlike the human genome, however, the epigenetic code hasn't been mapped.

与人类基因组不同，这种次生的密码至今还未被绘出图谱。

Free radicals provide a very good case study of how epigenetic processes play out.

自由基为研究表观遗传过程的发生提供了很好的例子。

Epigenetic changes represent a biological response to an environmental stressor.

外基因改变是受环境压力后的生物反应。

Such epigenetic mechanisms permit a common genotype to producemultiple possible phenotypes.

像这样的后生性机制允许普通基因型产生多种可能的显型。

And yet even if epigenetic inheritance doesn't last forever, it can be hugely powerful.

即使外基因干预不能永久遗传，其巨大能量不容小觑。

Cancers arise through the accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications.

癌症是通过基因突变和后生修改的积累产生的。

But Dr Szyf still wanted to know what triggers epigenetic tagging in response to maternal care.

不过Szyf博士还想知道是什么把表现遗传与母性关怀联系起来。

The high-fat offspring also had epigenetic modifications to genes that regulate glucose metabolism.

高脂肪组产的子鼠的葡萄糖代谢基因有些表观改变，组蛋白乙酰化环节——能打开DNA环使基因转录更容易——是其中一处改变。

Improving technologies are now providing a broader look at the epigenetic changes linked to environment and behavior.

日新月异的科技使得我们可以用更广阔的视野看待与环境和行为相联系的表观遗传变化。

Another paper, from January 2010, shows that the genes in ART embryos bear different epigenetic marks than non-ART embryos.

另一篇是发表于2010年1月的论文，表明ART胚胎里的基因和非art基因比，承受着不同的表观遗传学标志物。

But because the DNA code itself remained unchanged, Morris's team suggest that the changes in gene expression are epigenetic.

但由于DNA密码本身并无变化，莫里斯的团队认为这些基因表达的调整是表观的。

But it's hard to tell in most natural populations whether inheritance is due to DNA sequence variation or epigenetic changes.

但在自然界大多数种群中，很难判断遗传是否源于DNA序列改变或者表观基因变异。

This latest study focuses on what are called the "epigenetic" mechanisms which can affect whether a gene is expressed or not.

最新研究集中在“后生”机制，该机制影响基因。

Epigenetic changes are heritable changes to the regulation of a cell's genes, caused by extra molecules being attached to those genes.

表观遗传变异是由附属于基因的其他分子作用引起基因表达改变的可遗传的变异。

It may be that epigenetic changes could be reinforced by mutations in the DNA, making them stable and heritable in the conventional way.

也许表观基因变异会因DNA突变而得到强化，且由此变得稳定并以常规方式遗传下去。

Drug companies have developed some treatments that reset epigenetic information in cancerous cells, making them revert back to being healthy.

各大制药公司已研发出一些治疗方法，可以将癌细胞中的表观遗传信息进行复位，使这些癌细胞回复到健康状态。

Previous studies have shown that factors in the mother's environment during pregnancy can cause "epigenetic" modifications to the fetus's DNA.

之前的研究表明，母亲怀孕期间的环境因素可能会导致胎儿的DNA出现“表观遗传”变异。

The process, known as DNA methylation, is one mechanism of epigenetic change, heritable change that does not alter the sequence of DNA itself.

该过程被成为DNA甲基化，是表观遗传变化的一种，属于不会改变DNA序列的可遗传变化。

Methylation is an epigenetic modification to one's DNA that changes a gene's activity, generally reducing that activity within the genome.

甲基化作用是对DNA的后天修改，并改变基因活动，通常是在基因组内减少这个活动。

However, he cautions, there is no direct evidence of this, and no specific evidence that the behaviors are transmitted through epigenetic mechanisms.

不过，他也提醒，目前尚没有直接证据证明上述理论，也没有明确证据证明行为的继承是通过表观遗传机制实现的。

We would know with much more certainty whether the roots of obesity were primarily genetic or epigenetic-and similar studies could probe other traits.

我们将能够更加确定肥胖的真正原因是先天遗传还是表观遗传。除肥胖之外，其他特征的遗传根源也可以用互换胎儿的方法来验证。

The importance of such “epigenetic” inheritance is controversial; some researchers reckon it trivial while others think its role is underestimated.

这种基因调整后进行的遗传的重要性还受到争议；一些研究者认为它是不重要的，然而另一些认为它的角色被低估了。

Johannes speculates that there might be an "obscure epigenetic editing process going on" that repairs disadvantageous epigenetic states for crucial genes.

Johannes推测也许存在一个“不明显的表观基因改写过程”，这为关键基因修复了有缺点的表观基因状态。

Andrew Hudson at the University of Edinburgh says there is a clear implication that "DNA methylation and epigenetic changes are important in evolution."

爱丁堡大学的Andrew Hudson表示，这明显意味着“DNA甲基化和表观基因变异在进化中是非常重要的”。

Moreover, the methylation patterns were clustered together in large swaths of DNA, suggesting an epigenetic pattern linked to humans’ early environments.

而且，甲基化的模式在DNA长链中被聚集到一起，显示了与早期环境相关的后天模式。