Many surnames were based on father son relations.

许多姓氏是基于父子关系。

Surnames like Hill described the place where a person lived.

像希尔这样的姓氏描述了一个人居住的地方。

British surnames fall mainly into four broad categories: patronymic, occupational, descriptive and local.

英国人的姓氏主要分为四大类：父姓、职业姓、描述性的和本地姓。

In fact, over fifty per cent of genuine British surnames derive from place names of different kinds, and so they belong to the last of our four main categories.

事实上，超过50%的真正的英国姓氏来源于不同种类的地名，所以地名是姓氏来源四个主要类别中的最后一类。

This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

对于那些还没有意识到这种不利条件的人来说，这指的是对那些姓氏以字母表下半部分的字母开头的人的歧视。

Hundreds of occupational surnames are at once familiar to us, or at least recognizable after a little thought: Archer, Carter, Fisher, Mason, Thatcher, Taylor, to name but a few.

数以百计的职业姓氏对我们来说曾经是熟悉的，或者至少稍加思考就能辨认出来：阿切尔、卡特、费雪、梅森、撒切尔、泰勒等等。

Zhang is one of the most common surnames in China.

“张”是中国最常用的姓之一。

By contrast, 70, 000 surnames cover 90 percent of Americans.

与此相对比的是，90%的美国人有着7万个姓氏。

In fact, there are only 7 surnames among its current residents.

实际上，在现居者中只有7个姓氏。

Like many surnames, Louis Pasteur's probably once indicated a profession.

像很多姓氏一样，巴斯德的姓氏在过去暗指专业。

Surnames carry some history in that they give an indication of our ethnic origins.

姓氏名包含了他们象征种族起源的来历。

Prior to the introduction of surnames in England in 1066, everyone born had just one name.

在1066年姓氏记名法引入英格兰以前，每个人出生后只有一个名字。

After 1066, the Norman barons introduced surnames into England, and the practice gradually spread.

1066年后，诺曼底人将姓氏传入英格兰，而且越传越开。

And it's better to respectfully address your superiors by their surnames to avoid getting fired.

对于非直属的上司，更以尊称其姓为妙，以免被“炒鱿鱼（解雇）”。

Chinese also put surnames first, and often retain this convention when mentioned in other languages.

中国人也将姓放在前面，而且在其他语言中提到时也常常保留这种习惯。

Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between a and K.

但顶级人物的姓名的首字母在A与K之间的却多得可疑。

By 1400 most English families, and those from Lowland Scotland, had adopted the use of hereditary surnames.

到了1400年，大部分的英格兰人和来自苏格兰低地的人习惯了家庭姓氏的使用。

He said that in many cases, people probably changed their surnames as they came to be regarded as in bad taste.

多数情况下，一旦人们觉得自己的姓氏没品味，他们就可能改姓。

Icelanders (mostly) have no surnames, only given-names and patronymics, and use given + patronymic for both sorting and display.

冰岛人(多数)没有姓，只有名和父名，称呼和显示都是使用名+父名的形式。

Yesterday, the number of users with the 1, 000 surnames jumped from 23, 922 (all counted by hand) to 24, 990, for an increase of 4.47%.

昨天1000个姓氏用户量由23922（手工统计）上升至24990，增长率为4.4%。

It is more important to be aware that both surnames and forenames are subject to variations in spelling, and not only in the distant past.

而重要的是，你必需意识到，姓氏和名字更改拼法，这中状况可不会只是出现在遥远的过去喔。

Du published a book on Chinese surnames, the genetic differences between people from North and South China and Chinese linguistics in 1992.

杜研究员曾于1992年出版了一本有关中国姓氏的书，重点探讨了北方人和南方人的基因差别与汉语言学之间的关系。

To cap it all, the editor, deputy editor and chief executive of The Economist are blessed with surnames starting with E, C and A respectively.

更让人发指的是，《经济学人》主编、副主编和总裁都有得天独厚的姓氏：E氏、C氏和A氏。

And 26 of George Bushs predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half.

乔治·布什的前任有二十六位(包括其父)的姓氏均在字母表的前半部，而姓氏在字母表后半部的却仅有十六位。

The article al (also written as el) may be attached to surnames directly, separated from surnames with a hyphen or a space, or omitted altogether.

词条al(阿拉)可以写为el(艾拉)，它可以直接通过使用连字号或空格与人的姓氏写在一起，或省掉不写。

Male social equals called each other by their surnames, sometimes (but certainly not always) moving on to first names when the moment warranted it.

地位相当的男子在社交中互称其姓，有时(绝非时时)如确实有必要，直称人名的第一个字。

Today the same malls are full of Asian faces, and a glance at the ranks of top scoring students in local schools reveals lots of Asian surnames.

今天，在同一家商场里挤满了亚洲面孔。 扫一眼本地学校的成绩榜，名列前茅的也多是一些亚洲名字。

Had there had been a lot of cuckoldry over the centuries, the link between genetics and surnames should have been weaker, or disappeared altogether.

而如果在这数百年来中曾出现过大量绿帽子的话，同一姓氏的男性之间的遗传学关联必然会有所削弱，乃至完全消失。

She gave her children the Shields name, which may have hinted at their paternity or simply been the custom of former slaves taking their master's surnames.

她给孩子起的名字是谢尔兹，这也许暗示着孩子们的父亲的身份，也许只是按照过去农奴制的习惯，以她们主人的姓氏来给孩子们命名。